Mine Closure and Post Closure

Footnotes

  1. Online: <https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/8048/04Healy%20Paper.pdf?sequence=1>, at 3.
  2. Maya Stano, The Raven Mine: A Regulatory & Fiscal Black Hole? (Victoria: Environmental Law Centre, 2011) at 22, online: <http://www.coalwatch.ca/sites/default/files/RavenCoal_BlackHole_MayaStano_ELC-Spring2011.pdf>.
  3. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Mineral and Coal Exploration Notice of Work Application (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2011) online: <http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/ApplicationForms/Documents/MX_NoW(Jun21_2011).pdf>.
  4. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.1.4(6)(7), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  5. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.1.4(7)(a),(b), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  6. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, Appendices: Application requirements for a permit approving the mine plan and reclamation, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#ai>.
  7. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.1.10, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  8. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.3.3, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  9. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.1.10(4), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  10. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 38(a).
  11. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.2.1, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  12. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), ss 10.2.2, 10.4.1(1), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  13. Mining Regulations, Nfld Reg 42/00, s 7(1).
  14. Mine Development Closure, O Reg 240/00, s 12(2)(e).
  15. Mining Act, RSO 1990, c M 14, s 139.2(4.1).
  16. Or Rev Stat vol 12 c 517, § 915(2)(2011).
  17. Idaho Stat tit 47, § 1507(d)(2012).
  18. Idaho Stat tit 47, § 1507(7)(2012).
  19. Wash Rev Code tit 78, § 44.091(2011).
  20. Species At Risk Act, SC 2002, c 29, s 27(3): One example of an agency whose recommendations may become law is under Canada’s Species At Risk Act, whereby the Minister is required to amend the list of protected species according to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada’s assessment if the Governor in Council has not taken a course of action within nine months after receiving the assessment.
  21. Dan Shrubsole and Dianne Draper, “On Guard for Thee? Water (Ab)uses and Management in Canada”, from: Eau Canada: The Future of Canada’s Water, Karen Brakker, ed (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2007) at 46.
  22. S Dak CL c 45 § 6B-11, online: < http://legis.state.sd.us;statutes;DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=45-6B-11>: The Department of Environment and Natural Resources must send copies of the reclamation plan to the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Education, and the Department of Game, Fish and Parks. Written comments on the proposed plan must be submitted within 30 days.
  23. Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act, Colo Rev Stat tit 34 §32-116(7)(j)(2011): The regulatory authority must confer with the local board of county commissioners and the board of supervisors of the conservation district (if the mining operation is within the boundaries of a conservation district) before approving any new reclamation plan.
  24. Mining Act, RSQ c M-13.1, s 232.5.
  25. Wyo Stat tit 35 § 11-109(a)(ii).
  26. Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act, Colo Rev Stat tit 34 art 32 §106(2).
  27. James R. Kuipers & Cathy Carlson, “Hardrock Reclamation Bonding Practices in the Western United States”, (Boulder: Summary Report for the National Wildlife Federation, 2000) at 2, online: http://www.csp2.org/REPORTS/Hardrock%20Bonding%20Report%20Executive%20Summary.pdf.
  28. James R. Kuipers & Cathy Carlson, “Hardrock Reclamation Bonding Practices in the Western United States”, (Boulder: Summary Report for the National Wildlife Federation, 2000) at 35, online: http://www.csp2.org/REPORTS/Hardrock%20Bonding%20Report%20Executive%20Summary.pdf
  29. James R. Kuipers & Cathy Carlson, “Hardrock Reclamation Bonding Practices in the Western United States”, (Boulder: Summary Report for the National Wildlife Federation, 2000) at 25, online: http://www.csp2.org/REPORTS/Hardrock%20Bonding%20Report%20Executive%20Summary.pdf
  30. A. Warhurst and L. Noronha, “Environmental Policy in Mining: Corporate Strategy and Planning for Closure”, (Washington DC: CRC Press LLC, 2000) at 189.
  31. 1997 Wisconsin Act 171, s 293.50 1,2. The definition of pollution in this act reads “degradation that results in any violation of any environmental law as determined by an administrative proceeding, civil action, criminal action or other legal proceeding.”
  32. Idaho Stat tit 47 §1506(g)(2012).
  33. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Guide to Processing a Mine Project Application under the British Columbia Mines Act (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2009) at 18, 79: The requirement to submit updated closure plans is usually specified as a permit condition. Provincial policy suggests such updates are generally required every five years. According to the same policy, updates that are received are referred to the RMDRC in the same manner as the original mine permit application; BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Guide to Processing a Mine Project Application under the British Columbia Mines Act (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2009) at 18. Provincial policy also states that mine plan renewals must occur concurrently with reclamation plan renewals: online: <https://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#reclamation_cost_estimates at 4.5>. Although permit conditions are legally enforceable, there is no guarantee that update requirements will be included as such permits – this is because the sole mention of 5-year update requirement is in provincial policy, which on its own carries no enforceable legal weight.
  34. Mineral Industry Environmental Protection Regulations, 1996, RRS c E-10.2, Reg 7, s 16(1)(a). Mining Act, RSQ, c M-13.1, s 232.6(1).
  35. RRS c E-10.2, Reg 7, s 16(3), Mineral Industry Environmental Protection Regulations, 1996.
  36. Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act, Colo Rev Stat tit 34 §32-116(7)(j) (2011).
  37. Mine Development and Closure, O Reg 240/00, Schedule 1, s 40.
  38. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.4, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  39. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.5, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  40. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.6, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  41. Mines Act RSBC 1996, c 29, Appendix 1, s 4.4.2 (March 1998) online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#reclamation_cost_estimates>.
  42. Mines Act RSBC 1996, c 29, Appendix 1, s 4.4.1 (March 1998) online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining;Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#reclamation_cost_estimates>.
  43. Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation Act, W Va § 22-3-10(a)(3)(A), online: <http://www.dep.wv.gov/dmr/codes/Documents/2009%20Mining%20Code.pdf>:“The post-mining land use proposed in any reclamation plan for lands proposed to be mined by surface mining methods shall comport with the land use that is specified in the approved master land use plan for the area”.
  44. Wash Rev Code tit 78 §§ 44.091, 1(a)(2011).
  45. Wash Rev Code tit 78 § 44.131(2011).
  46. Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act, Colo Rev Stat tit 34 §32-109(6)(2011).
  47. Minn Stat §93.47(3) (2011).
  48. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, USC, tit 30 c 25 §1265(b)(2).
  49. Mines and Minerals Act, CCSM c M162, s 1(1).
  50. Mine Closure Regulation, Man Reg 184/94, ss 50,52.
  51. Mining Law Committee of the International Bar Association “Model Mining Development Agreement: A Template for Negotiation and Drafting” (2011), s 26.1(b).
  52. Government of Western Australia, Dept. of Mines and Petroleum, “Guidelines for Mining Proposals in Western Australia” (2006) s 4.7.1. Available online at: http://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/834.aspx
  53. Government of Western Australia, Dept. of Mines and Petroleum, “Guidelines for Preparing Mine Closure Plans” (June 2011) s4.8. Available online at: http://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/834.aspx
  54. Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act, Colo Rev Stat tit 34 § 32-116(7)(j)(2011).
  55. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  56. S Dak CL, c 45 §6B-45, online: <http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=45-6B-45>.
  57. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 3707(d)(2007).
  58. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.6.1, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  59. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.6.2(1)(a)(b), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>; Metal Mining Effluent Regulations, SOR;2002-222, s 32: for any mines depositing effluent with deleterious substances into water: “(1) An owner or operator who intends to close a mine shall (a) provide written notice of that intention to the authorization officer; (b) maintain the mine’s rate of production at less than 10% of its design rated capacity for a continuous period of three years starting on the day that the written notice is received by the authorization officer; and (c) conduct a biological monitoring study during the three-year period referred to in paragraph (b) in accordance with Division 3 of Part 2 of Schedule 5”.
  60. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.6.2(2), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  61. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.6.3, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  62. Mining Act, SNB 1985, c M-14.1, s 76(1).
  63. Mines and Minerals Act, CCSM, c M162, s 115.
  64. Mine Closure Regulation, Man Reg 67/99, s 6.
  65. Minerals and Mining Act, 2006, Republic of Ghana Act 703, s 51(1).
  66. Minerals and Mining Act, 2006, Republic of Ghana Act 703, s 51(2).
  67. Mineral Industry Environmental Protection Regulations, 1996, RRS c E-10.2 Reg 7, s 10.
  68. Land and Resources Act (First Reading), Ta’an Kwach’an Council, s 37(2): the holder of a land use authorization must provide a notice of discontinuance at least 30 days before the proposed date of the discontinuance.
  69. Mines Regulations, 2003, RRS c O-1.1 Reg 2, ss 7(2), 405(2)(b),406: A notice of an intended closure must include the following: Description of the methods for: disposing explosives, fuses and detonators; abandoning shaft compartments & disposal of hoisting ropes; securing shafts & entrances from the surface; fencing ; securing of pits & other openings on the surface; securing safety of the mine site; and updated plans of: surface; each underground level; vertical mine sections at suitable intervals; and ventilation.
  70. Minerals and Mining Act, 2006, Republic of Ghana, s 51(1).
  71. Joan Kuyek and Catherine Coumans, No Rock Unturned: Revitalizing the Economies of Mining Dependent Communities (MiningWatch Canada, 2003) at 3, online: <http://www.miningwatch.ca/sites/www.miningwatch.ca/files/No_Rock_Unturned%20(1).pdf>: “The social environment in the community where the mine is operating often gets worse with closure: violence, increased drug and alcohol use, depressed expectations, power struggles, more extreme social hierarchy, and paralysis of normal ways of making decision are common”;  Christopher Pollon, “Report from the Edge of BC’s Copper Belt”, The Tyee, (13 January 2011), online: <http://thetyee.ca/News/2011/01/13/Stikine;> : “Eskay Creek, an underground gold mine, came and went in the space of about 13 years, during which time the Tahltan were among the most prosperous native people in B.C., enjoying near full employment. But the native jobs tended towards truck driving, catering and chamber-maiding; by the time Barrick Gold called it quits in early 2008, Iskut had little to show for it”.
  72. See: Joan Kuyek and Catherine Coumans, No Rock Unturned: Revitalizing the Economies of Mining Dependent Communities (MiningWatch Canada, 2003) at 3, online: <http://www.miningwatch.ca/sites/www.miningwatch.ca/files/No_Rock_Unturned%20(1).pdf>, for an overview of options available to mining communities.
  73. R.E. Hester and R.M. Harrison , eds, “Mining and its environmental impact: Issues in environmental science and technology” (London: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1994) at 155.
  74. Mines and Minerals Act, CCSM c M162, ss 23-26.
  75. Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act, Colo Rev Stat tit 34 §32-107(1)(2011).
  76. Governed under the Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1850 and administered by the Association for Public and Land-Grant Universities, online: <https://www.aplu.org/>.
  77. Canadian Petroleum Resources Act, ss 75-83.
  78. Canadian Petroleum Resources Act, ss 76,79.
  79. Ontario Mining Act, RSO 1990, c M14, s 91(1): in the absence of an exemption granted by the Lieutenant Governor in Council.
  80. Mines and Minerals Act, CCSM c M162, s 111(1)(b).
  81. Mining Act, SNB 1985, c M-14.1, ss 76(2),(3): “The Minister shall not require a lessee to process or further process minerals in the Province unless he is satisfied that the lessee is economically able to do so”.
  82. The Income Tax Act 2000, SoS c I-2.01, s 64.1(5)(a).
  83. New Zealand Crown Minerals Act 1991, No 70, s 45(1): “If, after consultation with the permit holder of a petroleum mining permit and having regard to the national interest, the Minister is satisfied that products are able to be manufactured in New Zealand by or on behalf of the permit holder from petroleum produced from land to which the permit relates, the Minister may direct that the permit holder refine or process (or cause to be refined or processed) in New Zealand so much of the petroleum as may be required for the manufacture of those products”.
  84. A. Warhurst and L. Noronha, “Environmental Policy in Mining: Corporate Strategy and Planning for Closure” (Washington DC: Lewis Publishers, 2000) at 299: Clause 8 of the [Indian] National Mineral Policy, 2008 states that efforts should be made to export minerals in value added form as far as possible.
  85. Forest Act, RSBC 1996, c 157, s 127; Manufactured Forest Products Regulation, BC Reg 240/2003.
  86. Forest Act, RSBC 1996, c 157, ss 128(3)(a)(b).
  87. Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, Republic of Indonesia, No 07 of 2012, Art A, ss (2)(a)(d)(e); Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, Republic of Indonesia, No 34 of 2009.
  88. Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976), 43 USC tit 1701 § 102(a)(7).
  89. Gulzhan Nurakhmet, “The Mining Policy In Kazakhstan: The Role Of The State”, Energy Politics, Issue X (Autumn 2006) at 82.
  90. Mines and Minerals Act, RSA 2000, c M-17, ss 69(1)(2).
  91. Mineral Law, Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Article 5-1, online: <http://www.vietnamlaws.com/freelaws/MineralLaw20Mar96[X1051].pdf>; Koh Naito, Felix Remy and John P. Williams, Review of Legal and Fiscal Frameworks for Exploration and Mining (London: Mining Journal Books Ltd, 2001) at 174.
  92. British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Mine Reclamation Costing and Spreadsheet (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2006, Version 3.5.1) at 7, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/ApplicationForms/AnnualReclamationReports/Documents/costing_manual.pdf>.
  93. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.1, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>. Submitted as part of the initial mine permit application, Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 10(1).
  94. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.1.4(4), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  95. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.1.4(5), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  96. Mines and Minerals Act, CCSM, c M162, s 189(1).
  97. Ontario Mining Act, RSO 1990, c M14, s 139.1(1).
  98. Mont Code Ann tit 82 c 4 §336(2)(2011).
  99. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.1.4(3)(d), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  100. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.1.4(6), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  101. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.1.4(7), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  102. Wash Rev Code tit 78 §§44.091 (1)(g)(h)(2011); Mineral Lands and Mining, USC tit 30 c 25 §1258(a): “Each reclamation plan submitted as part of a permit application pursuant to any approved State program or a Federal program under the provisions of this chapter shall include, in the degree of detail necessary to demonstrate that reclamation required by the State or Federal program can be accomplished, a statement of requires… (7) a detailed estimated timetable for the accomplishment of each major step in the reclamation plan”, online:< http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi- bin/usc.cgi?ACTION=RETRIEVE&FILE=$$xa$$busc30.wais&start=1862711&SIZE=6194&TYPE=TEXT>.
  103. Surface Mining Act, N Mex Stat tit 69 c 25A §12(A)(7)(2011).
  104. Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act, Colo Rev Stat tit 34 §32-112(3)(c).
  105. Idaho Stat tit 47 §1511(a).
  106. Mont Code Ann 2009, tit 82 §4-336(3).
  107. Wash Rev Code tit 78 § 44.091(1)(g)(2011).
  108. Or Rev Stat vol 12 c 517 § 820(1): “Each reclamation plan submitted to the department must provide that all reclamation activities shall be completed within three years after the termination of mineral extraction from the surface mining operation…”.
  109. Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act, Colo Rev Stat tit 34 §32-112(7): “Each phase of reclamation is to be completed within five years after the date the operator advises the board that such phase has commenced, as provided in the introductory portion of section 34-32-116 (7) (q); except that such period may be extended by the board upon a finding that additional time is necessary for the completion of the terms of the reclamation plan”.
  110. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 21(a).
  111. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), ss 10.7.7, 10.7.8; 10.7.25-10.7.27, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  112. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.9, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  113. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), ss 10.7.12, 10.7.29, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  114. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.28, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  115. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.30, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  116. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.4 – 10.7.6, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  117. Including structures and equipment; dumps; open pits; impoundments; spillways; and mine openings.
  118. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), ss 10.7.10, 10.7.11, 10.7.13-10.7.24;
  119. Mines Act, RSBC 1996 c 293 (Appendix I) s 4.1, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#ai>.
  120. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.2, 10.7.3(1), 10.7.3(2), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.  The following exemptions apply: “Exemption from re-vegetation requirements if environmental disturbance occurred pre-1969 and the site has remained inactive since then; the Mine is specifically excluded by a condition of its permit from complying with a particular standard; and the Disturbance created by a mining activity has been reclaimed, inspected, and found to be satisfactory to an inspector”.
  121. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.5, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  122. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.7, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  123. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.8, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  124. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.8, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>. Provincial policy states that the reclamation plan must “outline a proposed program to assess trace element uptake in soils and vegetation at mine closure, and where possible, during the mine life” at 4.4.11, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining;Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#reclamation_cost_estimates>.
  125. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.25, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  126. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.26, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  127. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.27, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  128. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Guide to Processing a Mine Project Application under the British Columbia Mines Act (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2009), at 79.
  129. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Guide to Processing a Mine Project Application under the British Columbia Mines Act (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2009), at 79.
  130. A. Warhurst and L. Noronha, “Environmental Policy in Mining: Corporate Strategy and Planning for Closure” (Washington DC: CRC Press LLC, 2000) at 247.
  131. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), ss 10.7.7, 10.7.8, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  132. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, “Mine Site Reclamation Policy for Nunavut” (Ottawa: 2002) at 5.
  133. R.E. Hester and R.M. Harrison, eds, Issues in environmental science and technology (London: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1994) at 35: These include nitrogen fixation, decomposition, nutrient cycling and retention, and important biotic interactions such as pollination.
  134. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act , USC tit 30 §1266(b)(6).
  135. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal §3705(a)(2007).
  136. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.8, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  137. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.8, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.  Provincial policy states that the reclamation plan must “outline a proposed program to assess trace element uptake in soils and vegetation at mine closure, and where possible, during the mine life” at 4.4.11, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining;Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#reclamation_cost_estimates>.
  138. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, (Appendix I), s 4.1, online: < http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages;appendices.aspx#ai>.
  139. Wash Rev Code tit 78 § 44.091 (1)(k)(2011) .
  140. Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act, Colo Rev Stat tit 34 § 32-116(7)(f).
  141. Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act, Colo Rev Stat tit 34 § 32-116(7)(f); Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, tit 30 USC c 25 § 1265(b)(5).
  142. Quartz Mining Land Use Regulation, YOIC 2003;64, Schedule 1, s 1.
  143. S Dak CL c 45 §6B-40, online: <http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=45-6B-40>.
  144. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal §3711(d) (2007).
  145. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal §3711(a) (2007).
  146. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal §3711(c) (2007).
  147. Mine Development and Closure, O Reg 240/00, ss 71(4), 72(3), 73(2), 74(1). (Where appropriate).
  148. Wash Rev Code tit 78 § 44.141(4)(i)(2011) .
  149. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal §3705(c)(2007).
  150. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.8, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  151. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 3705(e)(2007).
  152. Quartz Mining Land Use Regulation, YOIC 2003/64, Schedule 1, s 2.
  153. Jodie Pritchard, Trina Jensen and David Welsh, “Options for Management and Closure of Tailings Storage Facilities”, online: (2010) 211/2 Eng & Min J <http://www.docstoc.com;docs;46957361;Options-for-Management-and-Closure-of-Tailings-Storage-Facilities>. For example, the occurrence of extreme and heavy precipitation events can provide opportunities for rigorous testing of the design.
  154. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 3705(b) (2007).
  155. Wash Rev Code tit 78 § 44.141(7)(a)2011).
  156. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.7, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  157. Mine Development and Closure, O Reg 240/00, Schedule 1, s 69(10).
  158. Quartz Mining Land Use Regulation, YOIC 2003/64, Schedule 1, s 2.
  159. Quartz Mining Land Use Regulation, YOIC 2003/64, Schedule 1, s 3.
  160. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, tit 30 USC c 25 § 1265(b)(19).
  161. Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act, Colo tit 34 §32-116(7)(e)(2011).
  162. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 3705(a)(2007).
  163. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 3705(g)(2007).
  164. Wash Rev Code tit 78 § 44.141(7)(i)(2011).
  165. S Dak CL c 45 §6B-39, online: <http://legis.state.sd.us;statutes;DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=45-6B-39>; Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, USC tit 30 § 1265(b)(19).
  166. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, USC tit 30 § 1266(b)(6).
  167. Philippine Mining Act of 1995, (Rep Act No 7942), s 72.
  168. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.7, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents;HSRC2008.pdf>.
  169. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act ,USC , tit 30 c 25 §1265(b)(20): Dry areas are those regions where the annual average precipitation is twenty-six inches or less.
  170. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 3705(j) (2007).
  171. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 3707(c)(2007).
  172. Mine Development and Closure, O Reg 240/00, Schedule 1, s 77(1) (2).
  173. Mine Development and Closure, O Reg 240/00, Schedule 1, s 78.
  174. Or Rev Stat vol 12 c 517 §956(3)(c).
  175. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.9, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  176. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.6, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  177. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), Part 10, Definitions, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  178. Wash Rev Code tit 78 § 44.141(4)(d).
  179. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal §3704.1(c) (2007).
  180. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal §3704.1(e) (2007).
  181. Mine Closure Regulation, Man Reg 67/99, s 9.
  182. Water Regulation, BC Reg 204/88, s 41(g).
  183. Water Regulation, BC Reg 204/88, s 41(a).
  184. Water Regulation, BC Reg 204/88, s 1.1, Schedule A, Part 2, ss 6(a)-(b).
  185. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.6, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  186. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.12, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  187. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.29, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  188. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, (Appendix I), ss 4.1, 4.3, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages;appendices.aspx#ai>.
  189. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, (Appendix I), s 3.9, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#reclamation_cost_estimates>.
  190. Mine Closure Regulation, Man Reg 67/99, s 15(2)(m).
  191. David M. Chambers, “A Position Paper on Perpetual Water Treatment for Mines”, (Bozeman: Centre for Science in Public Participation, 2000) at 2. Christian Wolkersdofer, Water Management at Abandoned Flooded Underground Mines (New York: Springer, 2008), online: <http://www.wolkersdorfer.info/publication/pdf/MineAbandonment.pdf>.
  192. Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Canada, “Mine Site Reclamation Policy for the Northwest Territories”, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2007) at 22.
  193. Mine Development and Closure, O Reg 240/00, s 24(2)(14).
  194. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), ss 10.1.4(3)(i)(j), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  195. Wash Rev Code tit 78 § 44.091(1)(j)(2011).
  196. Wash Rev Code tit 78 § 44.141(5)(2011).
  197. Wash Rev Code tit 78 § 44.141(5)(2011).
  198. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 2772(c)(8)(B) (2007).
  199. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 3706(c) (2007).
  200. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 3706(d) (2007).
  201. Wash Rev Code tit 78 § 44.101(2011): Joint reclamation plans may be required.
  202. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.28, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  203. Mine Closure Regulation, Man Reg 67/99, s 15(2).
  204. R.E. Hester and R.M. Harrison, eds “Mining and its environmental impact, Issues in environmental science and technology” (London: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1994) at 46.
  205. US Environmental Protection Agency, “EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project, Profile of the Metal Mining Industry” (Washington DC: US Environmental Protection Agency1995) at 32.
  206. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.30, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  207. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), ss 10.1.4(4)-(5), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>: In carrying out the program for environmental protection of land and watercourses. This program covers the prediction, prevention, mitigation and management of ARD/ML; erosion control and sediment retention; and environmental monitoring and surveillance.
  208. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.1.4(5), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  209. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, (Appendix I), s 4, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#ai>.
  210. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.6.2(1)(b), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  211. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.6.12, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  212. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, (Appendix I), s 4.4.13, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#ai>.
  213. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, (Appendix I), s 4.2, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#ai>.
  214. Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Canada, “Mine Site Reclamation Policy for Nunavut” (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2002) at 8.
  215. Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Canada, “Mine Site Reclamation Policy for the Northwest Territories” (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2002) at 8.
  216. Mineral Industry Environmental Protection Regulations, RRS c E-10.2, Reg 7, s 14(2)(b).
  217. Lichens are more vulnerable to potential metal uptake and surrounding environmental conditions. Given lichens are the main staple of Caribou, there is potential for bio-accumulation of metals in Caribou, that ultimately could lead into effects to humans eating the Caribou.
  218. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.25, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>; Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, (Appendix I), s 4.4.6, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining;Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#ai>.Provincial policy regarding tailings reclamation also states that: “For metal mines in particular, concerns related to trace element uptake in vegetation must be described. If full or partial flooding is planned for closure, long-term stability and maintenance requirements must be adequately addressed”.
  219. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.26, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  220. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.27, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  221. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.26, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  222. Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Canada, “Mine Site Reclamation Policy for the Northwest Territories” (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2007) at 21.
  223. Nathan Lemphers, Simon Dyer & Jennifer Grant, “Toxic Liability: How Albertans could end up paying for oil sands mine reclamation” (Drayton Valley: The Pembina Institute, 2010) at 23.
  224. Forest and Range Practices Act, SBC 2002 c 69, s 122(1).
  225. Victoria Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) Act (Vic). s 81A(1): “The Minister may require that an authority holder or a former authority holder engage an auditor to certify that land has been rehabilitated as required by section 78 for the purpose of deciding whether to return any rehabilitation bond under section 82” .
  226. C. George Miller, “Financial Assurance for Mine Closure and Reclamation”, (Ottawa: International Council on Mining & Metals, 2005) at 59.
  227. Mine Closure Regulation, Man Reg 67/99, ss 10(1)(d).
  228. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.10, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  229. Mineral Tenure Act, RSBC 1996, c 292, s 59(1): unless a longer period is set by the chief gold commissioner.
  230. Mineral Tenure Act, RSBC 1996, c 292, ss 59(2),(3); Mining Act, SNB 1985, c M-14.1, s 60(2); Mining Act, SNB 1985, c M-14.1, s 87(2); Mining Act, RSO 1990, c M.14, s 53(1); Mont Ann Code tit 82 c 4 § 336(9)(a) (2011); Mines and Minerals Development Act, (Zam) No.7, ss 119, 120; Idaho Stat tit 47 § 706 (2012); Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) Act (Vic), ss 114(1)-(2); Mining Act, RSQ c M-13.1, s 216.
  231. Hazardous Waste Regulation, BC Reg 63/88, s 1(1).
  232. Hazardous Waste Regulation, BC Reg 63/88, s 14.
  233. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.6, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>:Provincial policy expands on this: “Long-term stability, both physical and chemical, must be adequately addressed for all structures and discharges from the mine site. This must include consideration of future erosion, creep, mass wasting, and compatibility of final land forms with the surrounding landscape”; Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, (Appendix I), s 4.4.3, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages;appendices.aspx#ai>.
  234. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.6.5, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  235. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.30, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  236. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.6.12, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  237. Joseph Castrilli, Report on the Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework Respecting Collaboration, Liability, and Funding Measures in relation to Orphaned, Abandoned, Contaminated, and Operating Mines in Canada (Toronto: National Orphaned/Abandoned Mines Initiative, 2007) at 25;Uranium Mines and Mills Regulations, SOR 2000-206, s 8(a).
  238. Mine Development and Closure, O Reg 240/00, Schedule 1, s 24(2)(13).
  239. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.6.5, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  240. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.21, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  241. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.22, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>. “uniformly distributed load of 12 Kpa or a concentrated load of 24 kn, whichever is greater”.
  242. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.23, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  243. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.24, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  244. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.13, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>. “unless an inspector is satisfied that to do so would be unsafe or conflict with other proposed land uses”.
  245. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.14, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>. “Pit walls including benches constructed in rock, and/or steeply sloping footwalls, are not required to be re-vegetated”.
  246. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.15, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  247. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.16, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  248. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, (Appendix I), s 4.4.9, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#ai>.
  249. RRQ, c M-13.1, r 2, s 103: These requirements include: “fencing made of 9-gauge galvanized link steel, with openings not exceeding 60 mm on a side; the fence shall be at least 2.50 m high…”.
  250. RRQ, c M-13.1, r 2, s 104: “Signs warning of the danger of the access to a mine and the underground worksites with a surface opening shall be placed at the entrance to the access road to the mine and on each of the sides of the fence or gate surrounding the danger sites, at an interval allowing their visibility, at a distance that may not exceed 30 m. Warning signs shall be made up of a non-corrosive metallic substance and shall bear at least the word “danger”.”
  251. Mine Development and Closure, O Reg 240/00, Schedule 1, ss 21(1),(2).
  252. Mine Development and Closure, O Reg 240/00, Schedule 1, s 23(d).
  253. Mine Development and Closure, O Reg 240/00, Schedule 1, s 21(3).
  254. O Reg 240/00, Schedule 1, s 21(4).
  255. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, (Appendix I) s 4.4.5, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#ai>. Provincial policy expands on some of these legal requirements: “Proposed waste rock dump reclamation must be described in detail, including anticipated final configurations, proposed re-sloping, post-closure water management, surface treatment to alleviate compaction, details of soil replacement, a description of proposed re-vegetation methods, and trace element uptake in vegetation (especially for metal mines). Conceptual post-mine cross-sections must be provided along with a map illustrating section locations. If possible, conceptual three-dimensional views of the final dump configurations should be provided. Creative design of waste dumps to optimize snow/water retention (where appropriate), habitat diversity and aesthetic consistency with the adjacent landscape are encouraged.”
  256. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), ss 10.6.6, 10.7.11, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  257. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.11, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  258. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.1.7, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.Note: See section 3.3.3 (above) of this Module of the Code for a more detailed discussion on legal re-contouring requirements.
  259. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.5.7, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  260. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.6.7, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  261. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 3502(b)(3)(2007).
  262. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal §§ 2710,3704(c)(2007).
  263. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.6, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  264. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.20, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  265. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, (Appendix I), s 4.4.10, online: < http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/appendices.aspx#ai>.(i.e., re-vegetation of most locations unless there is a specific elevation, terrain or other exemption agreed to by the Chief Inspector).
  266. O Reg 240/00, s 24(2)(7).
  267. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal §§2710, 3705(d)(2007).
  268. Mine Closure Regulation, Man Reg 67/99, s 15(2)(n).
  269. Idaho Stat tit 47 §1509(a)(5)(2012).
  270. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.31, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  271. Minn Stat § 93.003(1)(2011).
  272. Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) Act (Vic). s 83(6); also: s 83(1) “The Minister must return the bond or bonds to the authority holder or former authority holder as soon as possible if the Minister is satisfied: (a) that the land has been rehabilitated as required by section 78 or 78A (as the case may be); and (b) that the rehabilitation is likely to be successful”.
  273. A. Warhurst and L. Noronha, “Environmental Policy in Mining: Corporate Strategy and Planning for Closure”, (Washington DC: CRC Press LLC, 2000) at 446.
  274. Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, (S Afr), No 28 of 2002, s 43(5).
  275. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 17(1).
  276. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 17(2).
  277. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 17(3).
  278. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 17(5).
  279. Joseph Castrilli, Report on the Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework Respecting Collaboration, Liability, and Funding Measures in relation to Orphaned;Abandoned, Contaminated, and Operating Mines in Canada (Toronto: National Orphaned;Abandoned Mines Initiative, 2007) at 61.
  280. Joseph Castrilli, Report on the Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework Respecting Collaboration, Liability, and Funding Measures in relation to Orphaned;Abandoned, Contaminated, and Operating Mines in Canada (Toronto: National Orphaned;Abandoned Mines Initiative, 2007) at 61.
  281.  British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008), s 10.7.2, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  282. Environmental Management Act, SBC 2003, c 53, s 65(1).
  283. Environmental Management Act, SBC 2003, c 53, s 69(b).
  284. Stephen J. Day and David P. Harpley, “Survey of Closed and Abandoned Mines in British Columbia for Acid Rock Drainage I: Regional Perspective”, (Proceedings of the 16th Annual British Columbia Mine Reclamation Symposium, delivered at Smithers, BC, 1992) [unpublished], online: <https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/12592/1992%20-%20Day%2c%20Harpley%20-%20Survey%20of%20Closed%20and%20Abandoned%20Mines.pdf?sequence=1>.
  285. L. Barazzuol and G. Stewart, “Historic Mine Sites in British Columbia”, (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, 2003) at 6, online: < https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/id/22277/12%20Stewart.pdf>: “Sites were identified principally through review of existing ministry data and developing a working definition of a historic mine site. Initial classification of historic mine sites included 1,887 unpermitted, “past producing” mines in the province, based on information contained in MINFILE (database of all known mineral occurrences in British Columbia). Further prioritization of sites included mineral deposits known to have geo-environmental characteristics, which may have a potential for generating acid and/or leaching of metals into the environment.”  Of these, 1,171 sites were identified in the BC.
  286. L. Barazzuol and G. Stewart, “Historic Mine Sites in British Columbia”, (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, 2003) at 6, online: <https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/id/22277/12%20Stewart.pdf>.
  287. Gregg Stewart, “Jurisdictional Update” (British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and LandsNOAMI Workshop on Best Practices for Orphaned and Abandoned Mines, October 26-27, 2006) at 1, online: <http://www.abandoned-mines.org/pdfs/presentations/JurisdictionalUpdateStewart.pdf>. The Auditor General recommended that: A lead agency should be identified with the appropriate authority to oversee development and implementation of a contaminated sites program; Government should develop a province-wide prioritization process for site identification; Government should establish a management accountability framework for its contaminated sites that requires the disclosure of environmental liabilities, expenditures and information about accomplishments.
  288. Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, SC 1993 c 29, s 11.9.1.
  289. Wayne White and Alvin Tong, “Mount Washington Mine Remediation Project – Construction Phase” (Proceedings of the 34th Annual BC Mine Reclamation Symposium and 35th Annual Canadian Land Reclamation Association Meeting, Courtenay BC, September 20-23, 2010).
  290. “Best Practices in Community Involvement: Planning for and Rehabilitating Abandoned and Orphaned Mines in Canada”, online: <http://www.abandoned-mines.org/pdfs/CommInvolvePamphlet2003-e.pdf>.
  291.  “Best Practices in Community Involvement: Planning for and Rehabilitating Abandoned and Orphaned Mines in Canada” at 4, online:: <http://www.abandoned-mines.org/pdfs/CommInvolvePamphlet2003-e.pdf>.
  292. Idaho Stat tit 47 § 1708(2012).
  293. EC, Commission Directive 2006/21/EC of 15 March 2006 on the management of waste from extractive industries and amending Directive 2004/35/EC, Article 20 [2006] OJ, L 102/15.
  294. The Whitehorse Mining Initiative, Leadership Council Accord, Final Report, October 1994, at 15.
  295. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 17(2).
  296. Gregg Stewart, “Jurisdictional Update” (British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and LandsNOAMI Workshop on Best Practices for Orphaned and Abandoned Mines, October 26-27, 2006) at 2, online: <http://www.abandoned-mines.org/pdfs/presentations/JurisdictionalUpdateStewart.pdf>: “Regarding funding, the BC government since 2001 has committed 180 million dollars to for the management of the province’s contaminated sites. An additional 47.2 million has been allocated to the program for 2007 to 2009. The source of these funds is direct government funding from general revenue. There currently are no partnership funding programs in BC with the mining industry or Good Samaritan programs and we need to move in that direction and the good work of NOAMI provides a starting point to advancing in these key policy areas”.
  297. Wash Rev Code tit 78 § 44.045(3)(2011).
  298. Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation Act, W Va art 3 § 22-3-11(g), online: <http://www.dep.wv.gov/dmr/codes/Documents/2009%20Mining%20Code.pdf>:“The Special Reclamation Water Trust Fund is created within the State Treasury into and from which moneys shall be paid for the purpose of assuring a reliable source of capital to reclaim and restore water treatment systems on forfeited sites.”
  299. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 2207(d)(4)(B)(i)(2007): “the board shall collect five dollars ($5) per ounce of gold and ten cents ($0.10) per ounce of silver mined within the state…”;California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 2207(d)(4)(B)(ii)(2007).
  300. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, USC tit 30 C 25, §§ 1231, 1233(a)(3),(4).
  301. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, USC tit 30 C 25, § 1232(a): “All operators of coal mining operations subject to the provisions of this chapter shall pay to the Secretary of the Interior, for deposit in the fund, a reclamation fee of 31.5 cents per ton of coal produced by surface coal mining and 13.5 cents per ton of coal produced by underground mining or 10 per centum of the value of the coal…”
  302. Mines Act 1992 ,NSW, s 242C(3)(a).
  303. Oil and Gas Conservation Act, RSA 2000 c O-6, part 11.

Fair Mining Practices:

A New Mining Code for BC
  1. 1Negotiation of Agreements
  2. 2First Nations’ Resource Policies
  3. 3Indigenous Rights, Consultation and Consent
  4. 4The Surface Versus Subsurface Divide
  5. 5Mineral Prospecting and Exploration
  6. 6Environmental Assessment for Mining Activities
  7. 7Permits for Mine Development and Operation
  8. 8Compliance and Enforcement in the Mining Sector
  9. 9Mine Closure and Post Closure
  10. 10Securing the Cost of Mine Clean-up

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