Indigenous Rights, Consultation and Consent

Footnotes

  1. Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Mining Information Kit for Aboriginal Communities (Ottawa: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2006) at 1.
  2. British Columbia, Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, The New Relationship, (Victoria, Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation), online: <http://www.newrelationship.gov.bc.ca/shared/downloads/new_relationship.pdf>.
  3. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171, arts 9-14, Can TS 1976 No 47, 6 ILM 468 (entered into force 23 March 1976) [ICCPR].
  4. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, 993 UNTS 3, (entered into force 3 January 1976).
  5. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 21 December 1965, 660 UNTS 195 (entered into force 4 January 1969).
  6. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171, arts 9-14, Can TS 1976 No 47, 6 ILM 468 (entered into force 23 March 1976) at ar. 15(a) [ICCPR]. For a detailed discussion of the indigenous rights of First Nations under international law, see International Human Rights Clinic, Harvard Law School, Bearing the Burden: The Effects of Mining on First Nations in British Columbia, (Harvard Law School, 2010) at 37-45, online: <http://harvardhumanrights.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/rightburden.pdf>.
  7. Ominayak v Canada, Communication No. 167/1984: Canada. 10.05/90. CCPR/C/38/167/1984.
  8. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, 993 UNTS 3, (entered into force 3 January 1976), art 2.
  9. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171, arts 9-14, Can TS 1976 No 47, 6 ILM 468 (entered into force 23 March 1976), arts 1(3), 2(1) and 27 [ICCPR].
  10. General Recommendation No XXIII (Indigenous Peoples) (1997), online: <http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/73984290dfea022b802565160056fe1c>.
  11. General Recommendation No XXIII (Indigenous Peoples) (1997) paras 4 and 5, online: <http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/73984290dfea022b802565160056fe1c>.
  12. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, GA Res 61/295, UNGAOR, 61st Sess, Supp No 53, UN Doc A/RES/61/295, (2007) [UNDRIP]; Canada, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Canada’s Statement of Support on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, (Ottawa: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2012), online: <http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1309374239861>. The Supreme Court of Belize relied in part on the UN Declaration in an October 2007 case that affirmed the land and resource rights of the Maya people. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights used the UN Declaration and other legal standards in its November 2007 ruling on the land rights of the Saramaka people in Suriname.
  13. Francis Deng, Identity, Diversity and Constitutionalism in Africa (2009, US Institute of Peace Press) p.56.
  14. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, GA Res 61/295, UNGAOR, 61st Sess, Supp No 53, UN Doc A/RES/61/295, (2007) [UNDRIP].
  15. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, GA Res 61/295, UNGAOR, 61st Sess, Supp No 53, UN Doc A/RES/61/295, (2007), art 19 [UNDRIP].
  16. See e.g., Jack Woodward, Native Law loose leaf (Toronto: Carswell, 1994).
  17. R v Guerin, 1984 2 SCR 335; R v Powley, 2003 SCC 43.
  18. Canada, Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (Ottawa, Ministry of Supply and Services, 1996).
  19. Calder v Attorney General of British Columbia, [1973] SCR 313; Delgamuukw v British Columbia, [1997] 3 SCR 1010.
  20. R v Sparrow, [1990] 1 SCR 1075; R v Van Der Peet, [1996] 2 SCR 507; R v Sappier; R v Gray, 2006 SCC 54.
  21. R v Sappier; R v Gray, 2006 SCC 54. Governance rights ar a legal ‘gray area’ in Canada. The federal government has officially recognized the inherent right of self-government as an existing Aboriginal right for negotiation purposes: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, “The Government of Canada’s Approach to Implementation of the Inherent Right and the Negotiation of Aboriginal Self-Government”, online: <http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100031843/1100100031844>. However, governance has never been formally recognized as an Aboriginal right by the courts. The Supreme Court of Canada has suggested that the right of self-government forms part of aboriginal title: “”Three aspects of aboriginal title are relevant here. First, aboriginal title encompasses the right to exclusive use and occupation of land; second, aboriginal title encompasses the right to choose to what uses land can be put…” Moreover, while it is likely that the right of a community to choose to what uses title land can be put includes a right of self-government, the Court warned against framing the right in excessively general terms (Delgamuukw v British Columbia, [1997] 3 SCR 1010, paras 166, 170).
  22. The Nisga’a Nation ratified the Nisga’a Final Agreement on 9 November 1998. The British Columbia Government ratified the NFA on 22 April 1999, Nisga’a Final Agreement Act, RSBC 1999, c 2. The federal government ratified by Royal Assent on 13 April, 2000, Nisga’a Final Agreement Act, RSC 2000, c 7. The text of the Nisga’a Final Agreement is available online: http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/nisgaa/default.html. The 1998 Nisga’a Final Agreement recognized the Nisga’a Nation as owners of all mineral resources on or under Nisga’a lands.
  23. Tsawwassen First Nation Final Agreement, British Columbia Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, Victoria, 2007, online: <http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/tsawwassen/down/final/tfn_fa.pdf>. At page 57 the Final Agreement recognizes the First Nation as owners of subsurface resources except for the mines and minerals under English Bluff. The agreement provided $2-million dollars in compensation for those mineral rights, which were to be transferred by the federal government to the province of British Columbia
  24. The Maa-nulth First Nations Final Agreement states that each First Nation in the Maa-Nulth treaty group owns subsurface resources on or under its settlement lands, with the exception of one privately owned parcel of subsurface resources within the Uchucklesaht Tribe lands. The Maa-nulth First Nations have the right to set fees, rents, royalties and other charges, except for taxes, for exploration, development and production of mines and minerals and other subsurface resources Maa-nulth First Nations Final Agreement, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Vancouver, 2009, online: <http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-INTER-BC/STAGING/texte-text/mna_fa_mnafa_1335899212893_eng.pdf>.
  25. Yale First Nation Final Agreement, Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, Victoria, 2011, online: <http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/yale/down/yale_final_agreement_english_unsigned_updated_2012_jan.pdf>.
  26. Tla’amin Final Agreement, Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, Sliammon, 2011, online: <http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/sliammon/down/tliammon_final_agreement_2011.pdf>.
  27. British Columbia Assembly of First Nations, Governance Toolkit: A Guide to Nation Building, (West Vancouver British Columbia Assembly of First Nations, 2011) at 354, online: <http://fnbc.info/bcafn-governance-toolkit-guide-nation-building-part-1>.
  28. R v Vanderpeet, [1996] 2 SCR 507, para 48.
  29. R v Marshall, 2005 SCC 43, para 25.
  30. R v Marshall, 2005 SCC 43; R v Bernard, 2005 SCC 43, [2005] 2 SCR 220, para 39.
  31. Delgamuukw v British Columbia [1997] 153 DLR (4th).
  32. Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11, s 35(1).
  33. Indigenous Rights Case Law Database, online: <http://legalresearchplus.com/2011/02/07/indigenous-rights-case-law-database-from-cepmlp/>.
  34. Mining Act, RSO 1990, c M 14, s 2.
  35. Philippines Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, (Rep Act No 8371), s 57.
  36. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway (1814 as amended), art 110a.
  37. Philippines Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, (Rep Act No 8371), s 32.
  38. The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, art XIV, s 17.
  39. Eva Liedholm Johnson, Mineral Rights: Legal Systems Regulatory Exploration and Exploitation (DCL Thesis, 2010: Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm) at 59, [unpublished] online: <http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:300248/FULLTEXT01>.
  40. Resource Management Act 1991 (NZ), 1991/69, s 6(g).
  41. Frank Brown and YK Brown (compilers), Staying the Course, Staying Alive – Coastal First Nations Fundamental Truths: Biodiversity, Stewardship and Sustainability, (Victoria: Biodiversity BC, 2009) at xiii.
  42. The Whitehorse Mining Initiative, Leadership Council Accord Final Report, (1994) at 17, online: <http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca.minerals-metals/files/pdf/mms-smm/poli-poli/pdf/accord-eng.pdf>. One of the goals of the Whitehorse Mining Initiative was to: “promote meaningful participation by Aboriginal peoples and the use of traditional and local knowledge”.
  43. British Columbia, Ministry of Environment, Living Water Smart: British Columbia’s Water Plan (Victoria: Library and Archives Canada, 2008), online: <http://www.livingwatersmart.ca/book/>.
  44. Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment Act, SC 2003, c 7, ss 33, 39.
  45. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, GA Res 61/295, UNGAOR, 61st Sess, Supp No 53, UN Doc A/RES/61/295, (2007), art 31(1) [UNDRIP].
  46. Philippines Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, (Rep Act No 8371), s.34.
  47. Philippines Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, (Rep Act No 8371), s 34.
  48. Philippines Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, (Rep Act No 8371), s 35.
  49. Republic of Bolivia, Constitution of 2009, arts 30(II)(9), (11).
  50. Republic of Ecuador, Constitution of 2008, art 57(12).
  51. Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003 (Qld), s. 23(1). Also see the Cultural Heritage Duty of Care Guidelines published by the Queensland government which are available at < http://www.datsima.qld.gov.au/atsis/aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-peoples/indigenous-cultural-heritage/legislation-and-guidelines/duty-of-care-guidelines>
  52. Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003 (Qld), ss8, 9 and 10.
  53. Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003 (Qld), s.23(2). CHMPs must be approved by the relevant Queensland government department in accordance with Part 7 of the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003 (Qld).
  54. Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003 (Qld), s.87.
  55. See the Cultural Heritage Management Plan Guidelines published by the Queensland government which are available at < http://www.datsima.qld.gov.au/atsis/aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-peoples/indigenous-cultural-heritage/legislation-and-guidelines/cultural-heritage-management-plans>
  56. Verna J Kirkness, Aboriginal Languages: A Collection of Talks and Papers (Vancouver: VJ Kirkness, 1998) at 46.
  57. Northwest Territories Official Languages Act (R.S.N.W.T. 1988,c.O-1)
  58. Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, RSNWT 1988, c O-1 preamble.
  59. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya addendum The situation of the Sami people in the Sápmi region of Norway, UNHRC, 18th Sess, Agenda Item 3, UN Doc A/HRC/18/35/Add2 at 18; Sámi Language Act, Finland (1086/2003).
  60. Sámi Language Act (Finland), 1086/2003.
  61. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya addendum The situation of the Sami people in the Sápmi region of Norway, UNHRC, 18th Sess, Agenda Item 3, UN Doc A/HRC/18/35/Add2 at 17; Act of 12 June 1987 No. 56 concerning the Sameting (the Sami parliament) and other Sami legal matters (the Sami Act), (Norway) LOV 1987-06-12 nr 56.
  62. 25 USC §2901(1) (2012).
  63. 25 USC §2903(1), (2) (2012).
  64. 25 USC §2904 (2012).
  65. New Zealand Crown Minerals Act 1991 (NZ) 1991/70, s 17(7). “Sacred Area” is an approximate translation of “Waahi Tapu”.
  66. New Zealand Crown Minerals Act 1991 (NZ) 1991/70, s 17(7).
  67. Teslin Tlingit Nation, Ha Kus Teyea ~ The Tlingit Way: Declaration & Charter Of Teslin Tlingit Nation (Sixth Discussion Draft 2005) at 3.
  68. Law Commission of Canada, Justice Within: Indigenous Legal Traditions (Ottawa: Law Commission of Canada, 2006) at 25.
  69. Law Commission of Canada, Justice Within: Indigenous Legal Traditions (Ottawa: Law Commission of Canada, 2006) at 25.
  70. Tåîchô Land Claims and Self-Government Agreement Act, SNWT 2003, c 28, s 10(1).
  71. Law Commission of Canada, Justice Within: Indigenous Legal Traditions (Ottawa: Law Commission of Canada, 2006) at 7.
  72. New Zealand Resource Management Act 1991 (NZ), 1991/69, ss 2(1), 7(a).
  73. Republic of Bolivia, Constitution of 2009, art 352.
  74. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, GA Res 61/295, UNGAOR, 61st Sess, Supp No 53, UN Doc A/RES/61/295, (2007) art 4, [UNDRIP].
  75. To date, only three modern-day treaties or “final agreements” have been ratified in British Columbia: the Nisga’a Final Agreement, the Maa‐nulth First Nations Final Agreement (which represents five First Nations communities); and the Tsawwassen First Nation Final Agreement.
  76. Philippines Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, (Rep Act No 8371), s 16.
  77. Philippines Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, (Rep Act No 8371), s 13.
  78. Republic of Colombia Constitution of 1991, arts 287, 330.
  79. Republic of Colombia Constitution of 1991, art 330.
  80. The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, art 270(1).
  81. James Anaya, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples on the situation of the Sami people in the Sápmi region of Norway, Sweden and Finland (Addendum), United Nations Human Rights Council, 18th Sess, Agenda Item 3, UN Doc A/HRC/18/35/Add2 at 11, online: <http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G11/138/87/PDF/G1113887.pdf?OpenElement>.
  82. 30 USC § 1300(i) (2012).
  83. See for examples, UN Human Rights Commission (HRC), HRC General Comment No 23 (1994), The Rights of Minorities, 8 April 1994, UN Doc No CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.5, para 7; UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CECSR), CESCR General Comment No 21 (2009), Right of Everyone to Take Part in Cultural Life, 21 December 2009, UN Doc No E/C.12/GC/21, para 36.
  84. Philippines Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, (Rep Act No 8371), s 7.
  85. The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, art 267(1).
  86. Republic of Bolivia, Constitution of 2009, art 30(II)(17).
  87. Republic of Bolivia, Constitution of 2009, art 30(II)(7).
  88. Republic of Ecuador, Constitution of 2008, art 57(5).
  89. Native Communities Act 1974, (Decree-Law 20,653).
  90. Republic of Colombia Constitution of 1991, art 330.
  91. Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, art 231.
  92. Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, art 231, para 1.
  93. Philippines Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, (Rep Act No 8371), s 4.
  94. Philippines Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, (Rep Act No 8371), s 2(b).
  95. Republic of Bolivia, Constitution of 2009, art 30(II)(10).
  96. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, No 108 of 1996, s 24(a); The Constitution of Kenya, 2010, s 42; Law No 5-2011 of 25 February 2011 (Republic of Congo), art 43.
  97. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people (15 July 2009) UN Doc A/HRC/12/34, para 41.
  98. Haida v British Columbia (Minister of Forests), 2004 SCC 73, para 16.
  99. Delgamuukw v British Columbia, [1997] 3 SCR 1010, para 168.
  100. Haida v British Columbia (Minister of Forests), 2004 SCC 73, para 35; Taku River Tlingit First Nation v British Columbia (Project Assessment Director), 2004 SCC 74, [2004] 3 SCR 550; Louis v British Columbia (Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources), 2011 BCSC 1070, para 154.
  101. R v Kapp, 2008 SCC 41; Louis v British Columbia (Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources), 2011 BCSC 1070.
  102. Haida v British Columbia (Minister of Forests), 2004 SCC 73, para 32 per McLachlin CJ.
  103. R v Douglas, 2007 BCCA 265, 278 DLR (4th) 653, para 44; Rio Tinto Alcan Inc v Carrier Sekani Tribal Council, 2010 SCC 43, [2010] 2 SCR 650, para 46.
  104. Liidlii Kue First Nation v Canada (Attorney General), [2004] 4 CNLR 123 (Fed TD).
  105. West Moberly First Nations v British Columbia (Chief Inspector of Mines), 2011 BCCA 247.
  106. West Moberly First Nations v British Columbia (Chief Inspector of Mines), 2011 BCCA 247.
  107. Ross River Dena Council v Government of the Yukon, 2012 YKCA 14.
  108. Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests), 2004 SCC 73, [2004] 3 SCR 511, para 39.
  109. Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests), 2004 SCC 73, [2004] 3 SCR 511, para 24.
  110. Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests), 2004 SCC 73, [2004] 3 SCR 511, para 24.
  111. Halalt First Nation v British Columbia (Environment), 2011 BCSC 945, [2011] BCJ No 1343 (QL) at paras 89, 630.
  112.  See generally, Klahoose First Nation v Sunshine Coast Forest District (District Manager), 2008 BCSC 1642; Kwikwetlem First Nation v British Columba (Utilities Commission), 2009 BCCA 68; West Moberly First Nations v British Columbia (Chief Inspector of Mines), 2010 BCSC 359, para 78.
  113. Halfway River First Nation v British Columbia (Ministry of Forests), 1999 BCCA 470.
  114. Jack Woodward, Native Law loose leaf (Toronto: Carswell, 1994) at 5§1250.
  115. First Nations Energy & Mining Council, Environmental Assessment and First Nations in BC: Proposals for Reform (West Vancouver: First Nations Energy & Mining Council, 2009) at 22-23, [emphasis added].
  116. First Nations Energy & Mining Council, Environmental Assessment and First Nations in BC: Proposals for Reform (West Vancouver: First Nations Energy & Mining Council, 2009) at 5.
  117. Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment Act, SC 2003, c 7, s 3.
  118. Mackenzie Valley Resource Management Act, SC 1998, c 25, s 3.
  119. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya addendum The situation of the Sami people in the Sápmi region of Norway, UNHRC, 18th Sess, Agenda Item 3, UN Doc A/HRC/18/35/Add2 at 11.
  120. Republic of Ecuador, Constitution of 2008, art 398.
  121. Mining Act, RSO 1990, c M.14, s 141(1)(c).
  122. Mining Act, RSO 1990, c M.14, s 139.2(4.1).
  123. Republic of Bolivia, Constitution of 2009, art 30(II)(15).
  124. Section 31 of the Native Title Act.
  125. Eva Liedholm Johnson, Mineral Rights: Legal Systems Regulatory Exploration and Exploitation (DCL Thesis, 2010: Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm) at 215-216, [unpublished] online: <http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:300248/FULLTEXT01>.Sections 29 and 31(1)(b) of the Native Title Act. See also the National Native Title Tribunal’s website and brochure on the right to negotiate process at <http://www.nntt.gov.au/Future-Acts/Procedures-and-Guidelines/Pages/default.aspx>
  126. Eva Liedholm Johnson, Mineral Rights: Legal Systems Regulatory Exploration and Exploitation (DCL Thesis, 2010: Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm) at 214, [unpublished] online: <http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:300248/FULLTEXT01>.
  127. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya addendum The situation of the Sami people in the Sápmi region of Norway, UNHRC, 18th Sess, Agenda Item 3, UN Doc A/HRC/18/35/Add2 at 9; Finland Reindeer Husbandry Act of 1990.
  128. Claudia Notzke, Aboriginal Peoples and Natural Resources in Canada (North York, Ontario: Captus University Publications, 1994) at 213, [emphasis added].
  129. G Pring and Susan Noé “International Law of Public Participation” in Zillman et al, eds, Human Rights in Natural Resource Development (New York, Oxford University Press, 2002) 15 at 61-62.
  130. Philippines Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, (Rep Act No 8371), s 16. The Philippine state has a duty to “ensure that the ICCs/IPs shall be given mandatory representation in policy-making bodies and other local legislative councils.”
  131. Paul Muldoon and Theresa McClenaghan, “A tangled web: reworking Canada’s water laws” in Karen Brakker, ed, Eau Canada: The Future of Canada’s Water (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2007) 256.
  132. Finland Mining Act of 2011, (19.6.2011/621), s 38.
  133. Finland Mining Act of 2011, (19.6.2011/621), s 49.
  134. First Nations Mining Summit, The State of Mineral Exploration and Mining in British Columbia 2008 (Prince George: First Nations Mining Summit, 2008) at 2.
  135. Haida Reconciliation Act, SBC 2010, c 17.
  136. Mining Act, RSO 1990, c M 14, s 170.1(1).
  137. Philippines Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, (Rep Act No 8371), s 65.
  138. First Nations Energy & Mining Council, Environmental Assessment and First Nations in BC: Proposals for Reform (West Vancouver, First Nations Energy & Mining Council, 2009) at 49, online: <http://fnbc.info/environmental-assessment-and-first-nations-bc-proposals-reform>.
  139. Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests), 2004 SCC 73.
  140. Halalt First Nation v British Columbia (Environment), 2011 BCSC 945, [2011] BCJ No 1343 (QL), paras 89, 630.
  141. Taku River Tlingit First Nation v British Columbia (Project Assessment Director), [2004] 3 SCR 550, 2004 SCC 74, paras 2, 29; Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests), 2004 SCC 73; Kwikwetlem First Nation v British Columbia (Utilities Commission), 2009 BCCA 68 at 46-47; although consultation does not require reaching an agreement, consultation cannot from the outset exclude accommodation, see: Mikisew Cree First Nation v Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage), 2005 SCC 69.
  142. Delgamuukw v British Columbia, [1997] 3 SCR 1010, para 168.
  143. Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests), 2004 SCC 73.
  144. British Columbia, Office of the Auditor General, Public Participation: Principles and Best Practices for British Columbia (Victoria: Government of British Columbia, 2008) at 5.
  145. Carrier-Sekani Tribal Council, Critique of the BC Environmental Assessment Process from a First Nations Perspective (Carrier-Sekani Tribal Council, 2007) at 4, online: <http://www.cstc.bc.ca/downloads/EAO%20Critique.pdf>.
  146. Mineral Tenure Act, RSBC 1996, c 292, ss 19(2), (3); BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, A Guide to Surface and Subsurface Rights and Responsibilities in British Columbia (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2010) at 7-8.
  147. Eva Liedholm Johnson, Mineral Rights: Legal Systems Regulatory Exploration and Exploitation (DCL Thesis, 2010: Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm) at 60, [unpublished] online: <http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:300248/FULLTEXT01>.
  148. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya addendum The situation of the Sami people in the Sápmi region of Norway, UNHRC, 18th Sess, Agenda Item 3, UN Doc A/HRC/18/35/Add2 at 16.
  149. Mineral Titles Act 2010, (NT) 2010/27, s 106.
  150. Republic of Ecuador, Constitution of 2008, art 57(7).
  151. Mackenzie Valley Resource Management Act, SC 1998, c 25, s 77(a).
  152. Mackenzie Valley Resource Management Act, SC 1998, c 25, s 79(2).
  153. Republic of Bolivia, Constitution of 2009, art 30(II)(16).
  154. Republic of Ecuador, Constitution of 2008, art 57(7).
  155. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, GA Res 61/295, UNGAOR, 61st Sess, Supp No 53, UN Doc A/RES/61/295, (2007), art 32(2).
  156. BC First Nations Energy & Mining Council, BC First Nations Mineral Exploration and Mining: Action Plan (West Vancouver: BC First Nations Energy & Mining Council, 2008) at 11.
  157. World Resources Institute, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, and World Bank, The Wealth of the Poor—Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty (Washington, DC: World Resources 2005) at 72; Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, GA Res 61/295, UNGAOR, 61st Sess, Supp No 53, UN Doc A/RES/61/295, (2007), art 30; European Union, Council of Ministers Resolution of 30 November 1998, Indigenous Peoples within the framework of the development cooperation of the Community and Member States, online: <http://eeas.europa.eu/human_rights/ip/docs/council_resolution1998_en.pdf>. Indigenous peoples have the right to choose their own development paths, which includes the right to object to projects, in particular in their traditional areas; Presentation by Grand Chief Edward John, UNPFII 10th Sess, Annex 3 Agenda Item 3, UN Doc PFII/2011/EGM (2011) at 12: “at a minimum, Indigenous Peoples must be able to make their own decisions, by exercising their free, prior and informed consent, about matters that affect their traditional territories.” International Council on Mining & Metals, Good Practice Guide: Indigenous Peoples and Mining (Guidance 2010-3, 2010,) at 24: “ICMM members commit to seeking “broad community support for new projects or activities”, and recognize that “following consultation with local people and relevant authorities, a decision may sometimes be made not to proceed with developments or exploration even if this is legally permitted” (Commitment 9 of ICMM’s Position Statement of Mining).
  158. Report of the International Workshop on Methodologies regarding Free, Prior and Informed Consent and Indigenous Peoples, UN Doc. E/C.19/2005/3 (17 February 2005), paras 46-48.
  159. Indigenous communities around the world often experience severe pressure from resource companies seeking to extract community assent to projects. Consent is not “free” if is obtained through bribery, violence or intimidation.
  160. Taku River Tlingit First Nation v British Columbia (Project Assessment Director), 2004 SCC 74, para 46.
  161. World Commission on Dams, Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-making (London: Earthscan Publications, 2000) at 281, online: <http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/attached-files/world_commission_on_dams_final_report.pdf>.
  162. Western Sahara: Advisory Opinion of 16 October 1975, Advisory Opinion, [1975] ICJ Rep 12. The Court stated that entry into the territory of an Indigenous people required the freely informed consent of that people as evidenced by an agreement.
  163. Witold Henisz, Sinziana Dorobantu & Lite Nartey, Spinning Gold, The Financial Returns to External Stakeholder Engagement, (2011) [unpublished] archived at Wharton School University of Philadelphia at 3 online: <http://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/henisz/hdn.pdf>.
  164. Witold Henisz, Sinziana Dorobantu & Lite Nartey, Spinning Gold, The Financial Returns to External Stakeholder Engagement, (2011) [unpublished] archived at Wharton School University of Philadelphia at 25 online: <http://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/henisz/hdn.pdf>.
  165. Irene Sosa, License to Operate: Indigenous Relations and Free Prior and Informed Consent in the Mining Industry, (Sustainalytics, October 2011) at 2, online: <http://www.sustainalytics.com/sites/default/files/indigenouspeople_fpic_final.pdf>.
  166. International Finance Corporation’s Policy on Environmental and Social Sustainability (1 January 2012). Performance Standard 7 – Indigenous Peoples at 3-4.
  167. Jack Woodward, Native Law loose leaf (Toronto: Carswell, 1994), s 5§1250.
  168. Environmental Assessment Act, SBC 2002, c 43, s 8.1. Despite any other enactment and whether or not an EA certificate is required, a reviewable project may not proceed on treaty lands without the consent of the treaty first nation if the final agreement requires this consent. This requirement is only mandated for proscribed final agreements.
  169. British Columbia, Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, Final Agreements, online: <http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/treaty/final.html>.
  170. Republic of Ecuador, Constitution of 2008, art 57(7).
  171. Philippine Mining Act of 1995, (Rep Act No 7942), s 16; Philippines Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, (Rep Act No 8371), ss 7(c), 32, 46(a), 58.
  172. Philippine Mining Act of 1995, (Rep Act No 7942) s 16.
  173. Guyana, Government’s Policy for Exploration and Development of Minerals and Petroleum of Guyana. (Georgetown: Government of Guyana, 1997); Supreme Decree 038-2001-AG (2001 amendment to 1997 Law No. 26834), Peru.
  174. Exploration Regulation, A Reg 284/2006, s 8(1)(i); Metallic and Industrial Minerals Exploration Regulation, A Reg 213/1998, s 21.
  175. Aboriginal Lands Rights (NT) Act 1976 (Cth), Pt. IV; Aboriginal Lands Rights Act 1983 (NSW), sec 45(5); Aboriginal Land Act 1991 (Qld), sec 42; Torres Strait Islander Land Act 1991 (Qld), sec 80; Mineral Resources Act 1989 (Qld), sec 54; Mineral Resources Development Act 1995 (Tas), Pt 7, and; Aboriginal Land (Jervis Bay Territory) Act 1986 (Cth), sec 43, 52A(1), (2).
  176. New Zealand Crown Minerals Act 1991 (NZ) 1991/70, ss 49, 51-54; Te Ture Whenua Maori (translation: Maori Land) Act 1993 (NZ), 1993/4; Legal Commentary on the Concept of Free Prior and Informed Consent, UNCHR, Working Group on Indigenous Populations, 23d Sess, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/2005/WP.1 (2005).
  177. Crown Minerals Act 1991 (NZ) 1991/70, ss 51, 54(2)(a) and 80.
  178. Crown Minerals Act 1991 (NZ) 1991/70, s 80.
  179. Native Title Act 1993 (Australia), s 31.

Fair Mining Practices:

A New Mining Code for BC
  1. 1Negotiation of Agreements
  2. 2First Nations’ Resource Policies
  3. 3Indigenous Rights, Consultation and Consent
  4. 4The Surface Versus Subsurface Divide
  5. 5Mineral Prospecting and Exploration
  6. 6Environmental Assessment for Mining Activities
  7. 7Permits for Mine Development and Operation
  8. 8Compliance and Enforcement in the Mining Sector
  9. 9Mine Closure and Post Closure
  10. 10Securing the Cost of Mine Clean-up

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Problems and Solutions

MINE MEDICINE MANUAL:

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